Friday, August 31, 2012

For next Wednesday:
1. Read and re-read A Short Introduction to Moral Philosophy, focusing on the 2nd half.
2. Read Ch 1 and 2 of Vaughn, Writing Philosophy.
3. Expand your lists of obviously wrong and not wrong actions for the chart below from Friday's class.

Friday:
1. start Elements of Moral Philosophy, chapter 1. Your detailed summary - submitted via Turnitin and in hardcopy - is due. NOTE DELAY OF THIS ASSIGNMENT AND DISCUSSION. 

Counter example (to a generalization)
  • All A’s are B.
  • If X is an A then X is a B.
  • Any X that’s an A is a B.
A counter example: An A that is not a B!
= An exception to the proposed “rule.”
++++
A moral theory = attempts to explain what it is for an action to be wrong (impermissible), obligatory and/or permissible.
            An action is wrong = ____________________.
Data/observations:
Actions or character traits that YOU think  most people would think are obviously wrong or bad: specific, vivid and extreme examples are best! J
?
Actions or character traits that YOU think  most people would think are obviously not wrong/ MP (morally permissible) obligatory or otherwise good: specific, vivid and extreme examples are best! J



++++++++++++++++++++++
Why think that?
What do you mean?
+++++++++++++++++++++++
An argument =           Set of premises that are said to support a conclusion
Logically valid = the premises logically lead to the conclusion; there’s a chain of reasoning from the premises to the conclusion: IF the premises are or were true, then the conclusion would be true.
Sound argument = (a) logically valid argument with (b) true premises.
What do you mean?
Morally permissible = not wrong = ok to do
Morally obligatory = wrong to NOT do it = gotta do it

Thursday, August 30, 2012

Reminder of the first assignments:


Reminder of first assignments:

For next Monday (8/27); WE HAVE DONE THIS
o   Rachels, The Right Thing to Do (RTD: Ch. 2, “Some Basic Points About Arguments,” available here for students who don’t yet have the books: http://aphilosopher.googlepages.com/rachels-on-arguments.pdf
Handouts on Overview of Logic & Arguments
· Overview of Basic Moral Evaluations: Morally Permissible, Obligatory, Impermissible/Wrong
o See pp. 3, 5-8; also discusses logic and moral theories: https://sites.google.com/site/ethicsandanimals/EthicsandAnimalsLecturesDiscussionQuestionsAssigments.pdf\
For Friday (8/31):
o   Rachels, The Right Thing to Do: Ch.1 “A Short Introduction to Moral Philosophy,” available here for students don’t yet have the books: http://aphilosopher.googlepages.com/rachels-intro-to-ethics.pdf  
Please focus on the second half of the article, which discusses moral theories that are arguably more likely to be true.
For Wednesday (1/25) Ch. 1, "What is Morality?" (Elements of Moral Philosophy, EMP):
Writing assignment 1: very detailed summary of this chapter, covering every section.  
 
This needs to be submitted in hardcopy in class (at the time class starts) and via Turnitin.com, according to the directions on the syllabus.

Wednesday, August 29, 2012

Friday, August 24, 2012


An argument =           Set of premises that are said to support a conclusion
Logically valid = the premises logically lead to the conclusion; there’s a chain of reasoning from the premises to the conclusion: IF the premises are or were true, then the conclusion would be true.
Sound argument = (a) logically valid argument with (b) true premises.

What do you mean?
'Right' is ambiguous:
Morally permissible = not wrong = ok to do
Morally obligatory = wrong to NOT do it = gotta do it

Wednesday, August 22, 2012


“The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience,
but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy.”
- Martin Luther King Jr.,‘48

Syllabus
Introduction to Philosophical Ethics, PHI 302
Fall 2012

AVAILABLE IN PDF here:

Note: Students are responsible for understanding all the information and policies presented in this syllabus. Students will be referred to it if they have questions that are answered here. A syllabus is not a contract and can be revised, if needed, to promote learning and other educational goals.

12- 12:50 PM  course, Sale Hall 107: 41881 - HPHI 302G - 01 : www.Turnitin.com ; class ID= 5385627, password is ethics: written work should be submitted through Turnitin and in hardcopy, in class.

1-1:50 PM  course, Sale Hall 107: 47656 - HPHI 302G - 02 : www.Turnitin.com ; class ID= 5385638, password is ethics: written work should be submitted through Turnitin and in hardcopy, in class.

Blog:                http://philosophy302.blogspot.com

Instructor: Nathan Nobis, Ph.D., www.NathanNobis.com
Preferred Email: nathan.nobis@gmail.com (preferred email); nnobis@morehouse.edu
Telephone: 404-215-2607 office; 404-825-1740 cell
Office: Sale Hall 113, Philosophy & Religion Department
Office Hours: Monday 2- 4, Friday 1:50 to 2:30 and by appointment on Tuesdays and Thursdays: please email!

Department of Philosophy and Religion: Mission and Objectives:

The two-fold objective of this Department is to prepare students for graduate or professional study in the fields of philosophy and religious studies and to enable them to satisfy the College requirements in the general education program. The courses in philosophy and religion seek to provide the student not only with a firm base in these two academic disciplines, but also with a means for self-examination and self-orientation. The work in philosophy aims to develop a critical and analytical approach to all the major areas of human inquiry. The work in religion aims to describe, analyze and evaluate the role of religion in the life of humans since earliest times and how the religious quest continues as a variegated and often tortuous climb toward human growth and fulfillment.
1.      CATALOG COURSE DESCRIPTION: Provides an introduction to philosophical reflection about the nature and function of morality. Readings will include both historical and contemporary materials.

EXTENDED COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course provides students with the opportunity to improve their skills at reasoning critically about moral issues. Students will learn some basic logical concepts and argument analysis skills and apply them to theoretical and practical questions about morality. We will practice identifying clear (i.e., unambiguous) and precise moral conclusions (i.e., exact perspectives taken on moral issues) and the premises, or reasons, given for and against these conclusions. We will then practice evaluating these reasons to see if they provide rational support for these conclusions or not.
We will think about what helps people think more carefully and critically about moral issues and what factors and influences discourage this.     
We will discuss influential ethical theories and moral principles – answers to the questions ‘What’s the basic difference between a morally permissible and a morally impermissible (or wrong) action?’ and ‘What makes wrong actions wrong and what makes permissible actions permissible?’ – and apply our argument analysis skills to moral issues such as the treatment of disabled newborns, female genital mutilation, homosexuality, abortion, absolute poverty, racism, sexism, and speciesism, vegetarianism and the treatment of animals, euthanasia and assisted suicide, drug use, and capital punishment, among others.

2.      COURSE PREREQUISITES: There are no formal prerequisites for this course. However, students will benefit most from the course when they enter it with the abilities to:
a.       read critically and identify the structure and components of an argumentative essay or passage, i.e., the conclusion(s), the premises(s) or supporting elements, and so forth;
b.      write clear, concise and simple grammatical, spelling-error-free sentences and well-organized expository and argumentative essays, as taught in Introductory English courses;
c.       speak clearly, concisely, and grammatically.
·         Basic mathematical and scientific literacy is desirable.
·         Familiarity with moral issues, common positions taken on them and reasons given in favor of these positions is desirable, since we will build on any previous understanding.
·         Intellectual and moral virtues, such as curiosity, patience, and openness to the possibility of error and the need for change, are desirable as well.

3.      COURSE OBJECTIVES: Upon successfully completing this course, students will be able to use the set of argument analysis skills below to identify and evaluate moral arguments:
a.       identify whether any presentation (“text”) is “morally argumentative” or not, i.e., whether it presents an argument for a moral conclusion on a moral issue or not;
b.      identify conclusions of morally argumentative presentations, evaluate these conclusions for clarity and precision, and (if needed) reconstruct / restate the conclusion in clear and precise terms; 
c.       identify stated premises or reasons in morally argumentative presentations, evaluate these conclusions for clarity and precision, and (if needed) reconstruct / restate these premises in clear and precise terms; 
d.      identify (if needed) unstated premises in argumentative presentations that are logically essential to the structure of an argument and state them as part of the argument in clear and precise terms;
e.       identify and distinguish factual/empirical/scientific and moral/philosophical premises in moral arguments;
f.       evaluate moral arguments as (1) logically valid or invalid (or otherwise logically cogent) and (2) sound or unsound (or otherwise strong);
g.       identify and explain reasons given to think an argument is sound, reasons to think it is unsound (often using counterexamples to general moral premises), and responses to these reasons.

Students will be able to accurately explain historically influential moral theories and common arguments against them, in light of their implications, explanatory power and theoretical virtues and vices.

Students will be able to accurately explain (in essays and oral presentations) the most common arguments given on a number of controversial moral issues, from a variety of perspectives, and criticisms of these arguments.

A GREEN SYLLABUS: This course contains content that allows it to contribute to Morehouse’s Institute for Sustainable Energy program, its planned academic Minor in Energy and the Morehouse-Wide Initiative for Sustainable Energy (M-WISE) program: http://www.morehouse.edu/news/InsideMorehouse_w/dec10jan11/hbcu-energy.html
This content is indicated in green below.





4.      REQUIRED MATERIALS, which must always be brought to class: students without course materials may be asked to leave and counted absent for that day.
  1. James and Stuart Rachels, The Elements of Moral Philosophy (McGraw Hill Publishing, 2012) (7th edition is ideal, but any will do). http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0078038243/information_center_view0/table_of_contents.html
  2. James and Stuart Rachels, eds. The Right Thing to Do (McGraw Hill Publishing, 2012) 6th edition is ideal, but any edition will do: however, students are responsible for getting copies of any readings in the current edition not found in prior editions). http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0078038243/information_center_view0/the_right_thing_to_do.html
  3. Lewis Vaughn, Writing Philosophy: A Student's Guide to Writing Philosophy Essays (Oxford 2005). http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Philosophy/?view=usa&ci=9780195179569
  4. Additional materials will be posted online and/or handed out in class.

5.      ASSIGNMENTS & GRADING:
  • 12 weekly short writing assignments, often on the readings, usually due Monday at the time of class in hardcopy – no work will be accepted late -- and submitted to the Turnitin.com system, with a print out of your submission receipt attached the assignment (see above for the Course ID and password): 5 points each, 60 points total.
  • 3 Quizzes: In class. 20 points each, 60 points total.
  • 2 Argumentative essays (approx 5 pages), including rough drafts, peer and instructor review and revisions: 20 points each, 40 points total.
  • 1 small group project and class presentation. Groups of three students will create a webpage or blog (e.g., on Google pages, blogger or some other online forum) that introduces a moral issue and presents and critically evaluates at least 5 arguments concerning that issue and share this webpage with the class (and the entire planet online). 20 points.
  • Attendance and participation is required. Each unexcused absence after 4 will result in a 2% reduction from students overall grade. Unexcused tardiness will result in 1% reduction.
  • EXTRA CREDIT ASSIGNMENTS. There likely will be many extra credit opportunities, including this assignment related to finding your “calling” through your career(s): https://docs.google.com/open?id=1TKXEcQS1D5AJ_PwKf8T3UWgHdXtOkNcNTrSmlrdQ_U2vP7FXdpXwmTLAHDW0

No work will be accepted late except with a written, college-approved excuse.
Final grades will be determined by the quantity and quality of work done only: students who need a certain grade should work to ensure that they earn that grade.

Plagiarism and cheating is not allowed and will be severely penalized by either a zero on an assignment (and no chance for making up that assignment) or failing the course. Do not consult any outside sources for any assignments or examine the work of any other students – current or past students – unless directed to do so by the instructor.
First assignments:

For next Monday (8/27):
o   Rachels, The Right Thing to Do (RTD: Ch. 2, “Some Basic Points About Arguments,” available here for students who don’t yet have the books: http://aphilosopher.googlepages.com/rachels-on-arguments.pdf

Handouts on Overview of Logic & Arguments
· Overview of Basic Moral Evaluations: Morally Permissible, Obligatory, Impermissible/Wrong
o See pp. 3, 5-8; also discusses logic and moral theories: https://sites.google.com/site/ethicsandanimals/EthicsandAnimalsLecturesDiscussionQuestionsAssigments.pdf\

For the next Friday (8/31):
o   Rachels, The Right Thing to Do: Ch.1 “A Short Introduction to Moral Philosophy,” available here for students don’t yet have the books: http://aphilosopher.googlepages.com/rachels-intro-to-ethics.pdf 

For Wednesday (1/25) Ch. 1, "What is Morality?" (Elements of Moral Philosophy, EMP):
Writing assignment 1: very detailed summary of this chapter, covering every section.  

After this, we will review the later chapters on utilitarian and Kantian moral theory in greater detail, discuss John Rawls’s moral theory, and then return to earlier chapters of the Elements of Moral Philosophy and related readings in The Right Thing to Do and read them in the order presented.




FALL 2012














 Wk
Monday-Tuesday
August 20-21, 2012
Official Registration














1
Wednesday
August 22, 2012
First Day of Class














2
Friday
August 31, 2012
End Drop/Add














2
Saturday
September 1, 2012
Withdrawal Period Begins














3
Monday
September 3, 2012
Labor Day














8
Monday-Friday
October 8-12, 2012
Mid-term Week















Monday-Friday
November 5-9, 2012
Academic Advising Week















Monday
November 12, 2012
Web Registration Begins for 201301















Friday
November 16, 2012
Last Day to Withdraw














14
Thursday-Friday
November 22 - 23, 2012
Thanksgiving Day














15
Wednesday
November 28, 2012
Last Day of Classes














15
Thursday-Friday
November 29 - 30, 2012
Reading Period














15
Thursday-Friday
November 29 - 30, 2012
Senior Final Exams














16
Monday-Friday
December 3 - 7, 2012
Final Exams















Thursday
December 6, 2012
Senior Grades due by Noon















Friday
December 7, 2012
Semester Ends















Tuesday
December 11, 2012
All Final Grades due by Noon
























Order of Readings (however, we will not discuss all these readings below); exact dates and assignments will be announced in class and online:
1.      "Some Basic Points about Arguments," James Rachels (RTD, #2). Available here if you don’t yet have the books: http://aphilosopher.googlepages.com/rachels-on-arguments.pdf


2.      James Rachels, "A Short Introduction to Moral Philosophy" (RTD, #1). Available here if you don’t yet have the books: http://aphilosopher.googlepages.com/rachels-intro-to-ethics.pdf  

3.      Ch. 1, "What is Morality?" (Elements)

5.      Ch. 2, "The Challenge of Cultural Relativism" (Elements)
6.      “What’s Culture Got to Do with it? Excising the Harmful Tradition of Female Circumcision,” Harvard Law Review, http://sites.google.com/site/nobisphilosophy/female_circumcision.pdf
7.      "Monogamy: A Critique," John McMurtry (RTD, #28) [This goes with the brief discussion of polyamory on pp. 29-30 of Elements; the readings below also concern sexual ethics.]
8.      "Our Sexual Ethics," Bertrand Russell (RTD, #29)
9.      "Alcohol and Rape," Nicholas Dixon (RTD, #30)

10.  Ch. 3, "Subjectivism in Ethics" (Elements)
11.  "The Subjectivity of Values," J. L. Mackie (RTD, #6) [This defends a version of Ethical Subjectivism.]
12.  Richard Feldman on “Simple Moral Arguments”: http://sites.google.com/site/nobisphilosophy/feldman-simple-moral-arguments.pdf
13.  "Is Homosexuality Unnatural?" Burton M. Leiser (in older versions of RTD) [This is an expanded version of the argument given on pp. 44-45 of Elements.]
14.  “A Few Words About Gay Marriage,” Andrew Sullivan
15.  “Same Sex Marriage and the argument from Public Disagreement,” David Boonin
Video: John Corvino: “What’s Morally Wrong with Homosexuality?” http://johncorvino.com/wp/photos/  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SutThIFi24w

14.  Ch. 4, "Does Morality Depend on Religion?" (Elements)
16.  "On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion / Postscript on Infanticide," Mary Anne Warren (RTD, #13)
17.  "Why Abortion Is Immoral," Don Marquis (RTD, #11) [One aspect of the abortion debate is discussed on pp. 57-61 of Elements.]
18.  "A Defense of Abortion," Judith Jarvis Thomson (RTD, #12)

19.  Ch. 5, "Ethical Egoism" (Elements)
20.  "9/11 and Starvation," Mylan Engel, Jr. (RTD, #17) [Poverty is discussed on pp. 62-63 of Elements.]
21.  "The Singer Solution to World Poverty," Peter Singer (RTD, #18)

  • Nathan Nobis, entry on “Peter Singer,” in Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy, J. Baird Callicott and Robert Frodeman, eds., Macmillan Reference, 2008: http://aphilosopher.googlepages.com/singer-encyclopedia.pdf
  • Peter Singer, “One Atmosphere,” from his One World: The Ethics of Globalization (Yale University Press, 2002)
  • Carr, Edward R. “Sustainable Development” For the Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy, Vol 2, J. Baird Callicott and Robert Frodeman, eds.  Macmillan Reference USA: 295-298, 2008. http://goo.gl/IWXE0
There are many more resources on sustainability and sustainable development, justice and energy consumption, justice and pollution and related topics.

22.  "Is Racial Discrimination Arbitrary?" Peter Singer (RTD, #32) [This essay asks whether "The Principle of Equal Treatment" (as we call it on p. 77 of Elements) applies to three difficult test cases.]

23.  Ch. 6, "The Idea of a Social Contract" (Elements)
24.  "Letter from the Birmingham City Jail," Martin Luther King, Jr. (RTD, #31) [King's letter is quoted on pp. 90-91 of Elements.]
25.  "In Defense of Quotas," James Rachels (RTD, #33) [This reading goes with King's "Letter from the Birmingham City Jail." In King's day, America was so racist that preferential quotas were justified. Are they justified today?]

26.  Ch. 7, "The Utilitarian Approach" (Elements)
27.  "Utilitarianism," John Stuart Mill (RTD, #3)
29.  "The Morality of Euthanasia," James Rachels (RTD, #34) [Euthanasia is discussed on pp. 98-101 of Elements.]
30.  "The Wrongfulness of Euthanasia,” J. Gay-Williams

31.  "America's Unjust Drug War," Michael Huemer (RTD, #26) [Marijuana is discussed on pp. 101-104 of Elements.]

32.  "All Animals Are Equal," Peter Singer (RTD, #14) [The treatment of animals is discussed on pp. 104-108 of Elements.]
33.  "Torturing Puppies and Eating Meat: It's All in Good Taste," Alastair Norcross (RTD, #15)
34.  "Do Animals Have Rights?" Tibor R. Machan (RTD, #16)
35.  “Reasonable Humans and Animals,” John Simmons: http://sites.google.com/site/nobisphilosophy/veg.pdf

There are many more resources on animal agriculture and sustainability, energy consumption, global warming, pollution and related topics.

36.  Ch. 8, "The Debate over Utilitarianism" (Elements)
37.  "Utilitarianism and Integrity," Bernard Williams (RTD, #4) [This selection presents Williams' most famous objection to Utilitarianism.]
38.  "The Experience Machine," Robert Nozick (RTD, #5) [This selection presents Nozick's most famous objection to Hedonist Utilitarianism.]

39.  Ch. 9, "Are There Absolute Moral Rules?" (Elements)
40.  "The Categorical Imperative," Immanuel Kant (RTD, #7) [The Categorical Imperative is discussed on pp. 127-129 of Elements.]
41.  “Hellhole,” Atul Gawande (RTD)
42.  "The Ethics of War and Peace," Douglas P. Lackey (RTD, #19) [The Allies' conduct of the Second World War is discussed on pp. 124-126 of Elements.]
43.  "Fifty Years after Hiroshima," John Rawls (RTD, #20) [The bombing of Hiroshima is discussed on pp. 124-126 of Elements.]
44.  "What Is Wrong with Terrorism?" Thomas Nagel (RTD, #21) [The readings on war and terrorism go together. Also, Nagel implies that the prohibition on aiming at the death of a harmless person is an absolute moral rule.]
45.  "Liberalism, Torture, and the Ticking Bomb," David Luban (RTD, #23) [One may ask: is the prohibition on torture an absolute moral rule?]

46.  Ch. 10, "Kant and Respect for Persons" (Elements)
47.  "A Defense of the Death Penalty," Louis P. Pojman (RTD, #24) [Punishment is discussed on pp. 139-145 of Elements. We discuss the death penalty specifically on p. 143.]
48.  "Why the United States Will Join the Rest of the World in Abandoning Capital Punishment," Stephen B. Bright (RTD, #25)

49.  Ch. 11, "Feminism and the Ethics of Care" (Elements)
50.  "Caring Relations and Principles of Justice," Virginia Held (RTD, #10) [See pp. 152-157 of Elements.]

51.  Ch. 12, "The Ethics of Virtue" (Elements)
52.  "The Virtues," Aristotle (RTD, #8)
53.  "Master Morality and Slave Morality," Friedrich Nietzsche (RTD, #9) [Nietzsche glorifies the virtues of "master morality" and ridicules the vices of "slave morality."]

54.  Ch. 13, "What Would a Satisfactory Moral Theory Be Like?" (Elements)